Water Quality Reports

What's in Your Water

Drinking water, including bottled water, may contain small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate a health risk. Contaminants that may affect taste, color or odor are not necessarily a cause for health concern. For more information, contact Austin Water at 512-972-0012 or call the EPA's Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791.

Sources of drinking water, both tap and bottled, include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs and wells. As water travels over the land or through the ground, it can pick up naturally occurring minerals and, in some cases, radioactive material, and can be affected by human activity. Contaminants that may be present in source water include microbial contaminants such as viruses and bacteria, inorganic contaminants such as salts and metals, pesticides and herbicides, organic chemicals and radioactive contaminants.

Cryptosporidium

Cryptosporidium is a parasite that can cause an infection called gastroenteritis in humans and animals. It spreads through contact with contaminated soil, water, food or surfaces. Austin Water monitors our lakes for Cryptosporidium because surface water sources are known to be susceptible to this contaminant.

In 2024, Austin Water collected 20 samples for Cryptosporidium monitoring. All samples reported no detection. Our treatment processes are effective at removing Cryptosporidium.

Harmful Algal Blooms

Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are microscopic organisms found naturally in surface water. In warm, nutrient-rich water, cyanobacteria can multiply quickly and create algal blooms that spread across the water's surface. Some algae may produce cyanotoxins that can be harmful to humans and animals.

Austin Water has monitored source water and drinking water for cyanobacteria since 1992 and for cyanotoxins since 2015. We conduct routine testing in Lake Austin and Lake Travis and in finished water at the Handcox, Davis and Ullrich water treatment plants. Sampling frequency adjusts based on changing conditions. We also use digital imaging particle analysis and same-day testing technology to detect harmful algae faster than traditional methods.

Our treatment plants use coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration to physically remove cyanobacteria cells. Chlorine used in the disinfection process destroys cyanotoxins, and powdered activated carbon used for taste and odor control also removes cyanotoxins. We meet regularly with the City of Austin's Watershed Protection Department and the Lower Colorado River Authority to coordinate testing and mitigation approaches.

Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

In December 2024, Austin Water released results from a year of water quality testing conducted under the EPA's Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5). The rule required drinking water providers to test for lithium and 29 specific PFAS chemicals, sometimes called "forever chemicals" — six of which will soon be regulated. Austin Water's results revealed little to no detectable traces of PFAS in Austin's drinking water. Because PFAS levels were either not detected or were lower than EPA regulatory limits, no additional treatment is required at this time.

Upcoming PFAS Regulations:

• 2023 to 2027: Water utilities nationwide are participating in UCMR 5 testing. Results will be used to determine future testing and treatment requirements.
• 2027 to 2029: Rules for PFAS sampling and reporting will take effect.
• 2029 and beyond: Required treatment processes to remove PFAS from drinking water must be in place.

UCMR 5 Test Results

UCMR 5 results are shown in parts per trillion (ppt). For reference, one ppt is equivalent to one drop in three Barton Springs Pools. Because testing involves trace amounts, some variation between quarters can be expected. Some PFAS will be regulated using a Hazard Index computed from a mixture of four distinct PFAS. Austin's Hazard Index ranges from 0.0 to 0.6 with an average of 0.2 across all four quarters.

Substance	Highest Level Allowed	Austin Average	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4
PFOA*	4.0 ppt	0	0	0	0	0
PFOS*	4.0 ppt	0.79	0	0–4.8	0	0
PFNA*	10 ppt	0	0	0	0	0
HFPO-DA (GenX)*	10 ppt	0	0	0	0	0
PFHxS*	10 ppt	2.3	0	0–6.2	0–4.8	0–4.0
PFBS*	Not regulated individually	1.4	0	0–5.1	0–3.6	0
PFBA	Not regulated	2.3	5.7–8.4	0	0	0–5.5
PFHxA	Not regulated	0.5	0	0–3.3	0	0
PFPeA	Not regulated	1.2	0	0–4.1	0–3.1	0
21 Other Compounds	Not regulated	0	0	0	0	0

*Asterisks indicate chemicals to be regulated in 2027. View proposed EPA limits.

Where Your Water Comes From

Austin Water draws surface water from the Lower Colorado River as it flows through Lake Travis and Lake Austin. We treat this water at three specialized water treatment plants to a standard that exceeds what federal and state law requires.

Source water assessments completed by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) indicate that some of our sources are susceptible to certain contaminants. Sampling requirements for our water system are based on this susceptibility and previous sample data. Any detection of these contaminants will be noted in the Consumer Confidence Report. For more information, contact Austin Water's Water Quality Manager at 512-972-0012.

How We Test and Treat Your Water

Our top priority is to ensure your water is safe and satisfying to drink. Austin Water collects samples at our treatment plants and across our water system multiple times a day, every day, to test for bacteria and chemicals that could pose a risk to our customers.

Protecting Infrastructure

• Following Winter Storm Uri in 2021, Austin Water repaired and winterized infrastructure to better withstand future extreme freezing weather.
• In 2020, we installed a copper sulfate feed system to protect raw water piping against zebra mussels, which can damage equipment and affect taste and odor.
• In October 2024, Austin Water completed a comprehensive inventory of all public water service lines and confirmed that Austin's public water system contains no lead pipes.

Treatment Reliability

• Austin Water sets treatment goals and quality standards that go beyond the minimum state and federal requirements. TCEQ requires treated water clarity (turbidity) of 0.3 NTU or less. Austin Water's goal is 0.1 NTU or lower, and we consistently achieve this standard.
• A polymer feed system installed in 2020 strengthens our ability to manage flooding impacts and improve filter performance, particularly during high turbidity events. Polymer systems are fully operational across all three water treatment plants.
• Powdered activated carbon is added during treatment to minimize taste and odor issues so your water tastes fresh.
• Licensed plant operators conduct water testing at least every two hours during multiple phases of the treatment process every day, checking disinfectant residual, turbidity, pH, alkalinity and water softening levels. On-line equipment continuously monitors treatment performance in real time.

Quality Control in Storage and Distribution

• Water storage tanks are routinely tested for bacteriological contaminants to ensure water remains at the same quality as when it left the treatment plant.
• Water quality instrumentation is installed and maintained in every major pressure zone to provide real-time monitoring throughout the distribution system.
• 90% of polybutylene service water lines identified for replacement have been upgraded as part of a capital improvement project to reduce line breaks and minimize the risk of contaminant infiltration.
• More than 300 water samples are collected each month to test for bacteriological contaminants, total chlorine residual and other parameters throughout the distribution system.
• Annual maintenance is conducted on every fire hydrant in Austin to ensure customers receive fresh water.

Lead

Austin Water Confirms No Lead Pipes in the System

In October 2024, Austin Water completed a comprehensive multi-year inventory of all public water service lines in compliance with EPA guidelines and confirmed that Austin's public water system contains no lead pipes. Lead has not been permitted in public pipeline infrastructure since the 1950s. Austin Water has removed any preexisting lead lines during normal maintenance and water line rehabilitation since the 1960s.

Austin Water's lime softening process helps coat pipes and prevent corrosion that could leach lead into drinking water, even on the private side of the meter.

View the service line materials inventory for your address. Austin Water also encourages schools and licensed daycares to enroll in the TCEQ free voluntary testing program for free lead testing and filters where lead is found.

Check Your Plumbing for Lead

Common sources of lead in drinking water include lead pipes, solder and brass plumbing components such as faucets, fixtures and pipe fittings. In Austin, lead pipes are less common than in many other major U.S. cities because Austin stopped allowing lead pipe in private construction in 1967. Homes built before 1986 — when federal rules began requiring lead-free pipes and solder — have long been considered most at risk. Fittings and fixtures were not included in these rules until 1996, with the most recent revisions to "lead free" standards applied as late as 2014.

Your property's build date can be found through your county's property tax assessor. For Travis County properties, visit the Travis Central Appraisal District.

Galvanized iron or steel pipes that were previously connected to lead pipes — known as galvanized requiring replacement, or GRR — may have absorbed lead and present an increased risk of lead exposure.

Reducing Your Risk

If present, lead can cause serious health effects in people of all ages, especially pregnant people, infants and young children. You can help protect yourself and your family by taking these steps:

• Use only cold water for drinking, cooking and making baby formula. Boiling water does not remove lead.
• Before using tap water for drinking, cooking or making baby formula, flush your pipes for several minutes by running your tap, taking a shower or running a load of laundry or dishes. If you have a lead or GRR service line, flush for a longer period.
• Use a filter certified by an American National Standards Institute accredited certifier to reduce lead. Follow the filter instructions to ensure proper use.
• If you are concerned about lead in your water, contact Austin Water at 512-972-2133.

For more information on lead in drinking water, testing methods and steps to minimize exposure, visit EPA Lead in Drinking Water.

Fluoride

Austin Water began adding fluoride to drinking water on Feb. 2, 1973, following a community referendum in the early 1970s. Fluoride was first added to municipal drinking water in 1945 to fight tooth decay, with follow-up studies showing a 50% to 70% reduction in cavities over 13 to 15 years.

On Dec. 15, 2011, Austin City Council voted to continue fluoridating in accordance with public health recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and the City's Health and Human Services Department. Austin Water must follow current fluoridation policies until they are changed or no longer in place.

Austin Water's fluoridation practices follow guidance from the American Water Works Association (AWWA), which supports recommendations from the World Health Organization, American Medical Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, Centers for Disease Control, American Dental Association and other leading health organizations.

Austin Water is monitoring the EPA's response to a recent federal court ruling on fluoridation. The ruling does not require immediate changes to any water system's fluoridation practices and does not overrule the EPA's existing drinking water standards for fluoride. Austin Water will continue to coordinate with Austin Public Health on fluoridation decisions to ensure the protection of public health.

Fluoride and Infants

Water fluoridated at a level optimal for oral health poses no known health risks for infants. However, some children may develop enamel fluorosis, a cosmetic condition where faint white markings or streaks may appear on teeth. To minimize your baby's exposure, you can breastfeed, use ready-to-feed formula, or alternate tap water with non-fluoridated water when preparing infant formula. If you use only non-fluoridated water such as purified, deionized or distilled water to prepare formula, your doctor may recommend fluoride supplements.

Current Results and Archived Reports

Visit our monthly and quarterly water quality summaries for the most current results including total hardness, pH, total dissolved solids and more.

2024 Water Quality Report — Regulated Contaminants

Sampled in 2024 unless noted differently.

Regulated at the Treatment Plant

Substance	Highest Level Allowed (EPA's MCL)	City of Austin — Low	City of Austin — High	City of Austin — Average	Ideal Goals (EPA's MCLG)	Possible Sources
Barium (ppm)	2	0.010	0.015	0.012	2	Discharge of drilling wastes; discharge from metal refineries; erosion of natural deposits
Beta/photon emitters (pCi/L)*	50	4.5	4.5	4.5	0	Decay of natural and human-made products may release photon and beta radiation
Cyanide (ppb)	200	0	170	97	200	Discharge from steel/metal factories; discharge from plastic and fertilizer factories
Fluoride (ppm)	4	0.21	0.81	0.57	4	Water additive which promotes strong teeth; erosion of natural deposits; discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories
Nitrate (as Nitrogen) (ppm)	10	0.09	0.10	0.10	10	Runoff from fertilizer use; leaching from septic tanks, sewage; erosion of natural deposits
Simazine (ppb)	4	0	0.08	0.03	4	Herbicide runoff
Total Hardness (as CaCO3) (ppm)	Not applicable	109	119	114	Not applicable	Water hardness is a measure of the amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium in water
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Removal Ratio**	TT — Annual average ≥ 1	1.19	2.04	1.54	Not applicable	Naturally present in the environment
Turbidity (NTU)	TT — 95% of monthly samples must be ≤ 0.3 NTU and no sample can be > 1 NTU	0.01	0.15	0.04 — 100% of samples ≤ 0.3	Not applicable	Turbidity is a measure of water cloudiness, typically due to soil runoff

* EPA considers 50 pCi/L to be the level of concern for beta particles. ** The TOC removal ratio is calculated on a monthly basis and is the percent of TOC removed through the treatment process divided by the percent of TOC removal required by TCEQ.

Regulated in the Distribution System

Substance	Highest Level Allowed (EPA's MCL)	City of Austin — Low	City of Austin — High	City of Austin — Average	Ideal Goals (EPA's MCLG)	Possible Sources
Chloramines (ppm)	4 (MRDL)	0.46	3.10	2.29	≤4 (MRDLG)	Disinfectant used to control microbes
E. coli bacteria	A routine sample and a repeat sample are total coliform positive, and one is also E. coli positive	1 sample out of 3,712 samples was positive. No violation incurred nor was water quality impacted			0	Naturally present in the environment; human and animal fecal waste
Haloacetic Acids (HAA5) (ppb)	Yearly Average (LRAA) 60	6.1	15.7	10.1 — Highest LRAA = 12.0	Not applicable	Byproduct of drinking water disinfection
Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM) (ppb)	Yearly Average (LRAA) 80	25.5	54.7	38.6 — Highest LRAA = 43.1	Not applicable	Byproduct of drinking water disinfection

In addition to routine monitoring, Austin Water tests locations across our distribution system over 300 times per month for the presence of E. coli bacteria. One of these samples tested positive for the presence of E. coli bacteria in 2024. Additional monitoring was completed following the positive sample. No presence of bacteria was detected, thus there was no violation of the E. coli MCL. Austin Water was not required to conduct a Level 1 or Level 2 Assessment under EPA or state regulations.

Lead and Copper Rule — Testing Is Done at Customer Taps Every 3 Years

Substance	Action Level (AL)	Results	Ideal Goals (EPA's MCLG)	Possible Sources
Copper (ppm)	AL = 1.3	90% of all samples tested were <0.008 ppm. None exceeded 1.3	1.3	Corrosion of household plumbing systems; erosion of natural deposits
Lead (ppb)	AL = 15	90% of all samples tested were <1.0 ppb. No sample exceeded 15	0	Corrosion of household plumbing systems; erosion of natural deposits

Unregulated Contaminants

Substance	Highest Level Allowed (EPA's MCL)	City of Austin — Low	City of Austin — High	City of Austin — Average	Ideal Goals (EPA's MCLG)	Possible Sources
Bromodichloromethane (ppb)	Not regulated individually	8.0	15.2	11.8	0	Byproduct of drinking water disinfection
Dibromochloromethane (ppb)	Not regulated individually	9.2	16.5	13.4	60	Byproduct of drinking water disinfection
Chloroform (ppb)	Not regulated individually	4.1	22.3	9.3	70	Byproduct of drinking water disinfection
Bromoform (ppb)	Not regulated individually	2.4	6.1	4.1	0	Byproduct of drinking water disinfection

Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule — UCMR 5*

Substance	Highest Level Allowed (EPA's MCL)	City of Austin — Low	City of Austin — High	City of Austin — Average	Ideal Goals (EPA's MCLG)	Possible Sources
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (ppt)	4.0	0	4.8	1.1	0	PFAS are a group of synthetic chemicals used in a wide range of consumer products and industrial applications including non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant fabrics and carpets, cosmetics, firefighting foams, electroplating and products that resist grease, water and oil
Perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS) (ppt)	Not regulated individually	0	5.1	1.9	Not applicable
Perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) (ppt)	10	3.1	10	6.2	Not applicable
Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) (ppt)	Not regulated	0	5.5	0.6	Not applicable
Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) (ppt)	Not regulated	0	3.3	0.7	Not applicable
Perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) (ppt)	Not regulated	0	4.1	1.6	Not applicable

* Samples were collected for lithium and a total of 29 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in 2023–2024. This table contains results for the substances detected in 2024 only. Refer to the UCMR 5 Test Results section of this report to see results for the full monitoring period. For additional information visit epa.gov/ucmr or call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791.

Unregulated contaminants are those for which EPA has not established drinking water standards. The purpose of unregulated contaminant monitoring is to assist EPA in determining the occurrence of unregulated contaminants in drinking water and whether future regulation is warranted. Any unregulated contaminants detected are reported in the table above. For additional information visit epa.gov/ccl or call the Safe Drinking Water Hotline at 800-426-4791.

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Table Key

Term	Definition
AL — Action Level	The concentration of a contaminant which, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements which a water system must follow
Level 1 Assessment	A study of the water system to identify potential problems and determine (if possible) why total coliform bacteria were found
Level 2 Assessment	A detailed study of the water system to identify potential problems and determine (if possible) why an E. coli MCL violation has occurred and/or why total coliform bacteria were found on multiple occasions
TT — Treatment Technique	A required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water
MCL — Maximum Contaminant Level	The highest level of a contaminant allowed in drinking water. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as feasible using the best treatment technology
MCLG — Maximum Contaminant Level Goal	The level of a contaminant in drinking water below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MCLGs allow for a margin of safety
MRDL — Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level	The highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants
MRDLG — Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal	The level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants
LRAA — Locational Running Annual Average	The average of sample results taken at a specific monitoring location during the previous four calendar quarters
NTU — Nephelometric Turbidity Units	A measure of turbidity
pCi/L — picocuries per liter	A measure of radioactivity
ppm — parts per million	Milligrams or milligrams per liter (mg/L)
ppb — parts per billion	Micrograms or micrograms per liter (µg/L)
ppt — parts per trillion	Nanograms or nanograms per liter (ng/L)

Austin Water is completing the 2024 Water Loss Audit and Infrastructure Leak Index (ILI) for the Texas Water Development Board. Results will be posted in the Managing Water Loss section of the System Maintenance page when available.

Annual water quality reports from previous years:

• 2023 Water Quality Report (PDF)
• 2022 Water Quality Report (PDF)
• 2021 Water Quality Report (PDF)

Stay Informed

There are many opportunities to learn more about Austin's water quality and get involved in decisions that affect your water.

• Attend an Austin City Council or Water and Wastewater Commission meeting to provide public input on water quality issues.
• Follow Austin Water on Facebook, X and Instagram for water quality updates, conservation tips, landscaping advice and cold weather pipe protection information.
• Contact Austin Water's Water Quality Manager at 512-972-0012 with questions about source water assessments or water quality concerns.