Austin City Clerk's Office

Austin City Clerk's Office

History of Council

City Council members have served Austin since the City's first election in 1840 following its incorporation in 1839. Browse the lists and find names familiar from today's dams, streets, businesses, and parks.

Expand the sections below to see lists of Council Members who have served their communities. Names appear in reverse chronological order by period served.

Find a list of mayors who have led Austin on the History of Mayors page.


2015 - present

On November 6, 2012, Austin voters approved Ordinance 20120802-15, a City Charter amendment that provides for the election of City Council members from 10 geographic single-member districts with the mayor elected from the City at large. The 10-1 Council formation began with the November 2014 election and January 2015 inauguration.

District 1
TermCouncil Member
2019 - 2027Natasha Harper-Madison (Mayor Pro Tem, 2021)
2015 - 2019Ora Houston
District 2
TermCouncil Member
2021 - 2029Vanessa Fuentes (Mayor Pro Tem, 2025)
2015 - 2021Delia Garza (Mayor Pro Tem, 2019-2020)
District 3
TermCouncil Member
2023 - 2027José Velásquez
2015 - 2023Sabino "Pio" Renteria
District 4
TermCouncil Member
2022 - 2029José "Chito" Vela (Mayor Pro Tem, 2026)
2015 - 2022Greg Casar
District 5
TermCouncil Member
2023 - 2027Ryan Alter
2015 - 2023Ann Kitchen
District 6
TermCouncil Member
2025 - 2029Krista Laine
2021 - 2025Mackenzie Kelly
2017 - 2021Jimmy Flannigan
2015 - 2017Don Zimmerman
District 7
TermCouncil Member
2025 - 2029Mike Siegel
2015 - 2025Leslie Pool (Mayor Pro Tem, 2024)
District 8
TermCouncil Member
2019 - 2027Paige Ellis (Mayor Pro Tem, 2023)
2015 - 2019Ellen Troxclair
District 9
TermCouncil Member
2023 - 2027Zohaib "Zo" Qadri
2015 - 2023Kathie Tovo (Mayor Pro Tem, 2015-2018)
District 10
TermCouncil Member
2025 - 2029Marc Duchen
2017 - 2025Alison Alter (Mayor Pro Tem, 2022)
2015 - 2017Sheri Gallo

1969 - 2014

Prior to its current makeup and beginning in 1969, the Council was comprised of seven council members, all elected at-large and representing seven places (see Ordinance 670223-A). Until 1971, the public did not choose the Mayor; that position and the Mayor Pro Tem were selected by the council members from among themselves. Ordinance 690206-H was passed in 1969 and provided for the direct election of Austin mayor and six Councilmen elected to one of six Places beginning with the 1971 election.

Place 1
TermCouncil Member
2009 - 2015Chris Riley
2005 - 2009Lee Leffingwell
1996 - 2005Daryl Slusher
1987 - 1996Max Nofziger (Mayor Pro Tem, 1994)
1983 - 1987Mark Rose
1981 - 1983Larry Deuser
1977 - 1981Lee Cooke
1975 - 1977Margret Hoffman
1971 - 1975S. H. (Bud) Dryden
1969 - 1971D. R. Price (2nd Mayor Pro Tem)
Place 2
TermCouncil Member
2006 - 2015Mike Martinez
2000 - 2006Raul Alvarez
1997 - 2000Gus Garcia (Mayor Pro Tem, 1997-1998)
1991 - 1997Ronney Reynolds
1985 - 1991Smoot Carl-Mitchell
1981 - 1985Roger Duncan
1975 - 1981Betty Himmelblau (Mayor Pro Tem, 1979)
1973 - 1975Bob Binder
1971 - 1973Dick Nichols
1969 - 1971Jay L. Johnson (5th Mayor Pro Tem)
Place 3
TermCouncil Member
2011 - 2015Kathie Tovo (Mayor Pro Tem, 2015)
2008 - 2011Randi Shade
2005 - 2008Jennifer Kim
1993 - 2005Jackie Goodman (Mayor Pro Tem, 1999-2004)
1990 - 1993Louise Epstein
1983 - 1990Sally Shipman (Mayor Pro Tem, 1988-1989)
1977 - 1983Ron Mullen
1975 - 1977Emma Lou Linn
1971 - 1975Dan Love
1969 - 1971Ralph Janes Jr. (4th Mayor Pro Tem)
Place 4
TermCouncil Member
2008 - 2015Laura Morrison
2002 - 2008Betty Dunkerley (Mayor Pro Tem, 2006-2007)
1996 - 2002Beverly Griffith
1993 - 1996Brigid Shea
1990 - 1993Bob Larson
1985 - 1990George Humphrey
1983 - 1985Mark Spaeth
1977 - 1983Richard Goodman
1971 - 1977Lowell Lebermann
1969 - 1971Travis L. LaRue (Mayor)
Place 5
TermCouncil Member
2009 - 2015Bill Spelman
2003 - 2009Brewster McCracken (Mayor Pro Tem, 2008)
2000 - 2003Will Wynn
1997 - 2000Bill Spelman
1991 - 1997Gus Garcia (Mayor Pro Tem, 1995-1997)
1988 - 1991Robert Barnstone
1975 - 1988John Treviño, Jr. (Mayor Pro Tem, 1980-1987)
1971 - 1975Jeffrey Friedman
1969 - 1971Stuart A. MacCorkle (1st Mayor Pro Tem)
Place 6
TermCouncil Member
2006 - 2015Sheryl Cole (Mayor Pro Tem, 2011-2014)
2000 - 2006Danny Thomas (Mayor Pro Tem, 2005)
1997 - 2000Willie Lewis
1994 - 1997Eric Mitchell
1981 - 1994Charles Urdy (Mayor Pro Tem, 1990-1993)
1975 - 1981Jimmy Snell
1971 - 1975Berl Handcox
1969 - 1971Joe Allen Atkison Jr. (3rd Mayor Pro Tem)
Place 7
TermCouncil Member
1969 - 1971Les Gage (6th Mayor Pro Tem)

1953 - 1969

From 1953 to 1969, the Council was composed of five Council members elected at-large serving two-year terms in one of five Places as outlined in Ordinance 19521231-A (in Proposition 1, Article II, Section 2 and Proposition 5, Article II, Section 1). Those five Council Members selected the Mayor and Mayor Pro Tem from among themselves.

Place 1
TermCouncil Member
1963 - 1969Emma Long (Mayor Pro Tem, 1967-1969)
1961 - 1963Bob Armstrong
1959 - 1961Hub Bechtol
1951 - 1959Emma Long
Place 2
TermCouncil Member
1967 - 1969Dick Nichols
1953 - 1967Ben White
Place 3
TermCouncil Member
1967 - 1969Ralph Janes Jr.
1961 - 1967Louis F. Shanks (Mayor Pro Tem, 1965-1967)
1955 - 1961Robert "Tom" Miller (Mayor)
1953 - 1955Ted R. Thompson
Place 4
TermCouncil Member
1967 - 1969Harry Akin (Mayor)
1955 - 1967Lester E. Palmer (Mayor Pro Tem, 1959-1961; Mayor, 1961-1967)
1953 - 1955Charles A. McAden (Mayor)
Place 5
TermCouncil Member
1963 - 1969Travis L. LaRue
1959 - 1963Edgar H. Perry III (Mayor Pro Tem, 1961-1963)
1953 - 1959Wesley Pearson (Mayor Pro Tem)

1925 - 1953

In August 1924, Austin voters adopted a Council-Manager form of government with five Councilmen elected at large for one of five places; a chairman (called Mayor) and a Mayor Pro Tem were selected from among those elected to Council (see Ordinance 240619-1).

Place 1
TermCouncil Member
1951 - 1959Emma Long
1949 - 1951W. S. (Bill) Drake Jr.
1947 - 1949Taylor Glass
1941 - 1947E. C. Bartholomew (Mayor Pro Tem, 1945-1947)
1939 - 1941Simon Gillis
1937 - 1939C. M. Bartholomew
1933 - 1937Simon Gillis
1931 - 1933Leo O. Mueller
1927 - 1931E. L. Steck (appointed 02/1927 to take Mueller's place)
1926 - 1927Robert Mueller (died in office 01/1927)
Place 2
TermCouncil Member
1951-1953Stuart A. MacCorkle (Mayor Pro Tem)
1949-1951Taylor Glass (Mayor)
1948-1949Emma Long (elected to replace Thornberry)
1947-1948Homer Thornberry (resigned in 1948)
1945-1947Charles F. Alford
1941-1945Simon Gillis
1939-1941C. M. Bartholomew
1937-1939Simon Gillis
1935-1937C. M. Bartholomew
1931-1935Charles F. Alford
1929-1931P. W. McFadden
1927-1929Leo O. Mueller
1925-1927Dave C. Reed
Place 3
TermCouncil Member
1951 - 1953W. S. (Bill) Drake Jr. (Mayor)
1949 - 1951Stuart A. MacCorkle
1947 - 1949E. C. Bartholomew
1945 - 1947Simon Gillis
1943 - 1945Charles F. Alford
1939 - 1943Robert "Tom" Miller (Mayor)
1937 - 1939Oswald G. Wolf
1933 - 1937Robert "Tom" Miller
1931 - 1933Simon Gillis
1929 - 1931Leo O. Mueller
1925 - 1929P. W. McFadden (Mayor, 1925-1927)
1921 - 1926George P. Searight
Place 4
TermCouncil Member
1951 - 1953Ben White
1949 - 1951Emma Long
1943 - 1949Robert "Tom" Miller (Mayor)
1937 - 1943Charles F. Alford
1935 - 1937Oswald G. Wolf
1933 - 1935C. M. Bartholomew
1931 - 1933E. L. Steck
1927 - 1931V. H. Pannell
1925 - 1927Ben M. Barker
1923 - 1926C. N. Avery
Place 5
TermCouncil Member
1947 - 1953Will T. Johnson
1939 - 1947Oswald G. Wolf
1937 - 1939Robert "Tom" Miller (Mayor)
1935 - 1937Charles F. Alford
1933 - 1935Oswald G. Wolf
1931 - 1933P. W. McFadden
1927 - 1931Dave C. Reed
1925 - 1927V. H. Pannell
1923 - 1926Harry W. Nolen

1909 - 1925

Before adopting the Council-Manager form of government in 1924, Austin governed under a Commission form where the top five vote recipients, elected by a plurality at large, assumed office as Councilmen and served two-year terms. The Council held the executive, legislative and judicial powers for the City, and each of the Councilmen served as the head of one of five departments:  Public Affairs; Receipts, Disbursements and Accounts; Parks and Public Property; Streets and Public Improvements; and Police and Public Safety (see Ordinance 240619-1, First Proposition, Section 2, for the 1909 version of the City Charter regarding elections).

Place 1
TermCouncil Member
1919 - 1926W. D. Yett (Mayor)
1909 - 1919Alexander P. Wooldridge (Mayor)
Place 2
TermCouncil Member
1923 - 1926Harry L. Haynes
1921 - 1923J. D. Copeland
1919 - 1921C. F. Alford
1913 - 1919Harry L. Haynes
1911 - 1913E. C. Bartholomew (Mayor Pro Tem)
1909 - 1911D. B. Gracy
Place 3
TermCouncil Member
1921 - 1926George P. Searight
1919 - 1921John S. Ward
1913 - 1919E. C. Bartholomew (Mayor Pro Tem)
1911 - 1913James P. Hart
1909 - 1911P. W. Powell
Place 4
TermCouncil Member
1923 - 1926C. N. Avery
1921 - 1923Walter L. Eyres
1919 - 1921Harry L. Haynes
1913 - 1919P. W. Powell
1911 - 1913Harry L. Haynes
1909 - 1911James P. Hart
Place 5
TermCouncil Members
1923 - 1926Harry W. Nolen
1921 - 1923Harry L. Haynes (Mayor Pro Tem)
1919 - 1921J. W. Graham
1913 - 1919W. B. Anthony
1911 - 1913P. W. Powell
1909 - 1911E. C. Bartholomew

1840 - 1909

Initially, Austin was incorporated under the Mayor-Aldermanic form of government and held its first election on January 13, 1840, where voters elected a mayor and eight aldermen for one year terms. Following that first election, the number of aldermen and the lengths of their terms varied over the years.

Note that following the Civil War, aldermen for the 1868-1870 term were chosen by military appointment, and for the 1871-1872 term were appointed by Governor Edmund J. Davis.

Below are the names and service terms for aldermen elected between 1840-1909 arranged in reverse chronological order by years served.

Aldermen (20th Century)
TermAlderman
1907 - 1909J. M. Meredith
1907 - 1909C. B. Moreland
1907 - 1909Tom D. Smith
1907 - 1909W. J. Sutor (elected 11/1907)
1906 - 1909F. A. Scott (elected by Council 10/4/1906)
1905 - 1909C. J. Armstrong
1905 - 1909A. E. Cuneo
1905 - 1909Henry Petri
1905 - 1909C. J. Wilhelm
1905 - 1907William Holze (elected by Council 12/3/1906)
1905 - 1907P. W. Powell (resigned 1907)
1905 - 1907Ernest von Rosenberg
1903 - 1909W. D. Miller
1903 - 1909C. W. Moore
1903 - 1909Harry L. Haynes
1903 - 1906Tom D. Smith (Resigned 12/3/1906)
1901 - 1909L. M. Crooker
1901 - 1909W. C. Redd
1901 - 1907Joe J. Macken
1901 - 1907J. M. Shumate (Resigned 10/4/1906)
1901 - 1905F. M. Maddox
1901 - 1905J. B. Nitschke
1901 - 1905J. P. Schneider
1901 - 1905W. D. Shelley (President of the Council, 1903-1905)
1901 - 1905William Ulit
1901 - 1903W. B. Davis
1901 - 1903R. A. Gillis
1901 - 1903Theodon Low
1899 - 1903P. D. Mortimer
1897 - 1903F. M. Maddox
1896 - 1903Joseph Stumpf
Aldermen (19th Century)
TermAlderman
1899 - 1901W. B. Dunham
1899 - 1901W. A. Glass
1899 - 1901P. D. Mortimer
1899 - 1901H. C. Nolen
1899 - 1900James Brady
1899 - 1900August Fehr
1899 - 1900R. C. Walker
1899 - 1900James Brady
1899 - 1899M. E. Groos
1898 - 1901Milton Morris
1898 - 1899L. M. Crooker
1898 - 1899J. L. Gannaway
1897 - 1900A. M. Belvin
1897 - 1900Joseph T. Kuhn
1897 - 1900F. M. Maddox
1897 - 1900W. D. Miller
1897 - 1900A. M. Belvin
1896 - 1901Joseph Stumpf
1896 - 1899F. M. Beaty
1896 - 1899C. Q. Horton
1896 - 1899S. Edward Rosengren
1896 - 1899A. J. Zilker
1895 - 1900Harry L. Haynes
1895 - 1896L. H. Glasscock
1895 - 1896A. C. Goeth
1894 - 1899W. C. Redd
1894 - 1899R. C. Roberdeau
1894 - 1897P. J. Lawless
1893 - 1901Francis Fischer
1893 - 1900P. W. Powell
1893 - 1898Thomas F. Taylor
1893 - 1894H. B. Hancock
1893 - 1894Charles P. Raymond
1892 - 1899W. D. Shelley
1892 - 1895J. H. Warmoth
1892 - 1893K. C. Miller
1891 - 1896W. A. Glass
1891 - 1893H. J. Ketchum (elected 06/1891)
1891 - 1892W. J. Sutor
1891 - 1892Robert Meyerman (elected 06/1891)
1890 - 1895C. E. Anderson
1890 - 1895J. L. Hume
1890 - 1895J. A. Jackson
1890 - 1893Joe Schuber
1890 - 1891Fred Carleton
1890 - 1890D. L. Wingfield (voted into office 9/9/1890)
1889 - 1900J. B. Nitschke
1889 - 1894W. P. North
1889 - 1892F. C. Morris
1889 - 1892A. H. Newton
1889 - 1892W. D. Ziller Jr.
1889 - 1890M. E. Groos
1889 - 1890Joseph J. Kuhn
1889 - 1889J. R. Lawrence
1887 - 1898A. W. Townsend
1887 - 1897Henry A. Linn (President, Board of Aldermen, 1890-1893)
1887 - 1895George P. Assmann
1887 - 1892J. W. Graham
1887 - 1891Michael Boland
1887 - 1891J. W. Phillips
1887 - 1890F. E. Jones
1887 - 1889George A. Brush
1887 - 1889C. G. Caldwell
1887 - 1889Dennis Corwin
1887 - 1889J. Cummings
1887 - 1889Jacob C. DeGress
1887 - 1889C. E. Fisher
1887 - 1889E. P. Haigler
1887 - 1889F. E. Jones
1887 - 1889W. B. Wortham (President of the Board of Aldermen)
1885 - 1897J. P. Schneider
1885 - 1891Cal S. Metz
1885 - 1889James M. Odell
1885 - 1886C. E. Anderson
1885 - 1886W. M. Brennan
1885 - 1886W. B. Brush
1885 - 1886Albert Carrington
1885 - 1886William Ervin
1885 - 1886Lewis Hancock
1885 - 1886R. J. Hill
1885 - 1886R. H. Holman
1885 - 1886Max Maas
1885 - 1886Joseph Schuber
1885 - 1886B. C. Wells
1885 - 1886L. M. Crooker
1884 - 1889B. S. Pillow
1884 - 1889T. J. Campbell
1884 - 1886R. B. Underhill
1884 - 1886George Warren
1884 - 1885T. J. Campbell
1884 - 1885William Brennen
1883 - 1886J. W. Driskill
1883 - 1884H. B. Kinney
1883 - 1884H. Pfannkuche (George Warren voted into office on 6/27/1884)
1883 - 1884J. E. Sneed
1883 - 1884J. Schuber
1883 - 1884J. W. Lawrence
1883 - 1884N. B. Metz
1883 - 1884W. G. Wilson
1881 - 1884Ed Huppertz
1881 - 1883William Brueggerhoff
1881 - 1882George T. Boardman
1881 - 1882George L. Robertson
1881 - 1882H. H. Duff
1881 - 1882J. J. Tobin
1881 - 1882James Wahrenberger
1881 - 1882N. M. Metz
1880 - 1881C. D. Johns
1880 - 1881J. W. Howard
1880 - 1881W. A. Saylor
1879 - 1898Radcliff Platt
1879 - 1882Jeremiah Sheehan
1879 - 1882Joseph Nalle
1879 - 1880E. Raven
1879 - 1880G. Crow
1879 - 1880H. M. Strong
1879 - 1880L. M. Crooker
1879 - 1880N. B. Metz
1879 - 1880V. E. Vaughan
1879 - 1879C. F. Millett
1877 - 1878Anthony Deffenbaugh
1877 - 1878A. H. Cook Jr.
1877 - 1878D. A. James
1877 - 1878F. O. Goodall
1877 - 1878F. W. Chandler
1877 - 1878John H. Rabb
1877 - 1878M. A. Taylor
1877 - 1878Otto Rost
1875 - 1877J. L. Larmoar
1874 - 1875H. M. Metz
1874 - 1875N. B. Mitchell
1874 - 1875S. Piper (elected 12/7/1874)
1874 - 1875S. H. Todd
1874 - 1875Ferdinand Dohme
1873 - 1877Eugene Bremond
1873 - 1875George T. Boardman (President, 1874-1875)
1873 - 1875Ed Christian
1873 - 1875A. Scholtz
1873 - 1875George Sussman
1873 - 1873Joseph W. Hannig
1873 - 1873A. H. Longley
1873 - 1873Thomas E. Sneed
1873 - 1873Scipio Thompson
1871 - 1875William Brueggerhoff
1871 - 1875John H. Robinson
1871 - 1872Thomas Adams
1871 - 1872John Bremond
1871 - 1872J. L.   Buaas
1871 - 1872E. T. Eggleston
1871 - 1872Henry Madison
1871 - 1872S. Mussina
1871 - 1872E. Wheelock
1868 - 1870D. W. C. Baker
1868 - 1870B. C. Bennett
1868 - 1870L. B. Collins
1868 - 1870C. Domschke
1868 - 1870C. H. Fox
1868 - 1870E. Raven
1867 - 1870J. W. England
1867 - 1867Leander Brown
1867 - 1867William Oliphant
1866 - 1870Swante Palm
1866 - 1867William H. Carr
1866 - 1867J. M. W. Hall
1866 - 1867August Palm
1866 - 1867William von Rosenberg
1866 - 1866James Browne
1866 - 1866Samuel G. Haynie
1866 - 1866D. P. Kinney
1865 - 1865S. W. Baker
1865 - 1865Hugh Haralson
1865 - 1865John Holland
1865 - 1865J. R. McCall
1865 - 1865B. O. Tong
1864 - 1865John Bremond
1864 - 1864Robert Barr
1864 - 1864J. A. Flack
1864 - 1864Eli Kirk
1864 - 1864W. H. Reynolds
1864 - 1864William Simpson
1863 - 1867G. W. Glasscock
1863 - 1865W. A. Hamilton
1863 - 1863A. H. Cook
1863 - 1863C. G. Keenan
1863 - 1863William Oliphant
1863 - 1863P. Priestly
1863 - 1863Fred J. Roberts
1862 - 1863John H. Walker
1862 - 1862J. Harrell
1862 - 1862William Smyth
1861 - 1862Alex Eanes
1861 - 1862S. W. Goodrich
1861 - 1862W. H. Sharp
1861 - 1861J. B. Costa
1861 - 1861Ed Finnin
1861 - 1861Ben Hendricks
1860 - 1862John H. Robinson
1860 - 1860J. T. Alexander
1860 - 1860William Hamilton
1860 - 1860Samuel G. Haynie
1860 - 1860A. N. Hopkins
1860 - 1860T. D. Ormsby
1859 - 1859J. M. W. Hall
1859 - 1859J. H. Herndon
1859 - 1859Abner Lee
1859 - 1859C. F. Millett
1859 - 1859P. Priestly
1859 - 1859N. G. Shelley
1858 - 1862F. T. Duffau
1858 - 1860E. Raven
1858 - 1858W. A. Hamilton
1858 - 1858H. Haynie
1858 - 1858W. A. Morris
1858 - 1858James W. Smith
1857 - 1859B. F. Carter
1857 - 1858P. de Cordova
1857 - 1858Thomas E. Sneed
1857 - 1857Ben Bennett
1857 - 1857William M. Fowler
1857 - 1857D. C. Freeman
1857 - 1857Joseph Harrell
1857 - 1857Michael Ziller
1856 - 1857John Bremond
1856 - 1856George H. Gray
1856 - 1856George L. Walton
1856 - 1856A. J. Lott
1855 - 1856James R. Jackson
1855 - 1856M. A. Taylor
1855 - 1855J. Harrell
1855 - 1855O. Wilcox
1855 - 1855William H. Carr
1855 - 1855R. N. Lane
1854 - 1854L. D. Carrington
1854 - 1854E. H. Darter
1854 - 1854George H. Gray
1854 - 1854J. W. Lawrence
1854 - 1854N. C. Raymond
1854 - 1854T. Bostick
1853 - 1853Thomas Glasscock
1853 - 1853B. Grumbles
1853 - 1853J. Haynie
1853 - 1853H. Sublett
1852 - 1852J. W. Blue
1852 - 1852Harvey Smith
1852 - 1852E. S. C. Robertson
1851 - 1851Charles Mann
1851 - 1851John M. Swisher
1851 - 1851T. Bostick
1850 - 1853J. M. W. Hall
1850 - 1853A. H. Cook
1850 - 1851James Holliday
1850 - 1850John E. Elgin
1850 - 1850Ben F. Jones
1846 - 1852James Cole
1846 - 1849Francis Dietrich
1846 - 1849J. M. Long
1846 - 1849D. Walsh
1846 - 1846J. G. Swisher
1841 - 1846W. Beatty (or A. Beatty)
1841 - 1846Mr. Beck
1841 - 1846H. B. Hill
1841 - 1846George K. Teulon
1840 - 1850William W. Thompson
1840 - 1848Jacob M. Harrell
1840 - 1846Moses Johnson
1840 - 1846Nicholas McArthur
1840 - 1846A. Savary
1840 - 1841J. W. Garrety
1840 - 1841Charles Schoolfield
1840 - 1841Samuel Whiting
Resources

"Austin City Council Meeting Archives," City of Austin website (https://www.austintexas.gov/department/city-council/archive/city_council_meeting_archives.htm).

"City of Austin Government Structure: A Comparative Analysis," Terrell Blodgett, LBJ School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas at Austin, City of Austin website (https://services.austintexas.gov/edims/document.cfm?id=224455).

City of Austin Resource Guide: Sources of Information Relating to City Departments, Commissions, Council Members and Mayors, Austin History Center & Austin Public Library, 2017, revised 2018 (https://library.austintexas.gov/library/2022-04/City-of-Austin-Records.pdf).

"Election History," City of Austin website (https://services.austintexas.gov/election/search.cfm).

History of Travis County and Austin: 1839-1899, by Mary Starr Barkley, p. 346-348, Internet Archive (https://archive.org/details/historyoftravisc00bark/mode/2up).